Then Maj.Gen.Soeharto (right) let an operation to remove the bodies of
military generals, who were killed and dumped into a well at the G30S coup
headquarters called “Lubang Buaya” in the 1965 incident. (Tempo/-)
G30S and PKI used to be a pair of infamous
abbreviations in the Indonesian public sphere. The army-backed government
created the acronyms to name the September 30 movement of the now-defunct
Indonesian Communist Party ( PKI ) in 1965. The events of 1965 involved the
murder of six high-ranking army generals followed by the mass killing of
hundreds of thousands of PKI sympathizers.
Indonesia’s National Commission on Human Rights (
Komnas HAM ) held a two-day symposium called “Dissecting the Tragedy of 1965, the
Historical Approach” on April 18-19. The conference examined the mass killings
that took place from 1965-1966 under the pretext of an communist purge through
testimony given by experts, survivors of the atrocities and members of the
military.
What happened in 1965?
On Sept. 30, 1965, six Army
generals were kidnapped, murdered, and buried in Lubang Buaya, Jakarta. The PKI
was blamed for this “failed coup attempt”, thus the G30S/PKI term. The Army
special battalion quickly took control and captured PKI leaders. What followed
was a systematic killing of PKI members across the country from late 1965 until
1966.
The PKI was disbanded, along
with communism and Marxist/Leninism as an ideology.
Before 1965, then-President
Sukarno introduced a political concept dubbed “NASAKOM” ( Nationalism, Religion
and Communism ), since the three were the biggest political factions in
domestic politics. PKI was the third largest communist party in the world after
the Soviet Union and China.
Why is it a problem?
There was no definite evidence
that the PKI killed the generals, or that the group was attempting a coup.
Victims were murdered without a fair trial, only based on allegations or
accusations that they were communists. The number of casualties is thought to
be around 500,000, or even up to 2 million by some calculations.
The involvement of army and
the government of Indonesia made the issue even more troubling, showing an
abuse of power over fundamental human rights.
Another is the impact of the
killing on the families, and the discrimination toward those who were related
to the party. More people became victims of torture for their alleged support
for communism. The usual
scenario was: they were “disappeared”, tortured and jailed without trial for
years, even decades, including the writer Pramoedya Ananta Toer. Even after
released, the prisoners could not have a normal life as they had special marks
on their ID card.
The government sponsored
propaganda against the PKI, starting with the annual viewing of the movie Pengkhianatan
G30S/PKI ( The betrayal of the Communists ) to students ( most of the
students were children even though the film has gory and traumatic elements in
). The government named the old well Lubang Buaya ( the sanctuary of crocodiles
) as the Penghianatan PKI Museum and produced by a series of regulations
discriminating against people allegedly related to communism.
What has been done by Indonesian government?
1965/1966 marked the
transition period between the Old Order ( Sukarno ) and New Order ( Soeharto ).
The New Order lasted for 32 years. During the New Order, communism was
considered taboo. The purge was relatively unknown since it was left out of
school textbooks, as opposed to the G30S itself, which was explained in detail
with the Army acting as the protagonist.
It was not until Reformasi
that discussions regarding the 1965 atrocities sprung up.
Abdurrahman
Wahid, widely known as “Gus Dur”, was the first government official to deliver
an apology to the victims. However, his apology was criticized by
elements within the Indonesian government. In March
2000, Gus Dur, acting as president, raised the motion to revoke Tap MPR No.
XXV/1966 on the disbandment of communism in Indonesia. The motion
was rejected.
Under President Megawati
Soekarno Putri, Tap MPR No. 1/2003 was passed to reaffirm the ban on communism.
In 2013, Palu
Mayor Rusdy Matura apologized to the survivors and families of victims.
The apology was demanded by SKP HAM, a human rights organization in Palu. Rusdy
admitted that as a boy scout, he had helped the military to guard suspected PKI
members during the purge.
Komnas HAM, a human rights
body created by government but independent from it, produced a
report in 2012. The report shows that the army and government were
heavily involved in the massacre. Komnas HAM later proposed recommendations to
the Attorney General's Office ( AGO ), to bring the perpetrators to court and
to deliver an apology to the victims, and yet these
proposals were dismissed.
Where are the efforts of reconciliation coming from?
Most of the efforts come from
grassroots movements.
Syarikat Masyarakat Santri
Untuk Advokasi Rakyat ( The Muslim Community for Social Advocacy ), or
Syarikat, was established in 2000 under Nahdatul Ulama. In 2003, the
organization started to organize meetings between the victims and those
involved in the 1965 massacre. The meetings produced recommendations
that were read in front of legislators at House Commission III overseeing legal
affairs in 2007. The organization called on the government to apologize and
restore national dignity.
Kontras ( The
Commission for Missing Persons and Victims of Violence ) has requested the US
government to release documents about what happened in Indonesia during
1965-1966. The US has records about the level of involvement of the
US government, according to US-based Human Rights Watch ( HRW ) executive
director Kenneth Roth.
Last year, the International
People’s Tribunal on 1965 was held at the Hague, the Netherlands. The tribunal concluded
that the Indonesian government was responsible for the massacres and oppression
that followed the events of Sept. 30, 1965. The Tribunal has no
power to grant compensation to the victims, as it only serves to open up
past human rights violations and offer a chance for victims to testify.
What about the law?
A legal battle in favor of
reconciliation and the restoration of dignity has been disappointing. The 2004
Law on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, which was expected to open up
past cases of human rights violations, was revoked
after a judicial review by Constitutional Court.
To date, communism remains a
crime, according to Law No. 27 1999.
In 2005, a
class action suit was filed by the representatives of victims in the Central
Jakarta District Court. The lawsuit was filed against then-president
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and the four previous Indonesian presidents. The
lawsuit asked for compensation and rehabilitation. The Central Jakarta District
Court rejected the lawsuit, reasoning that the suit should be filed in the
State Administrative Court.
By Devina Heriyanto
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